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Volume 25
Issue 9
10.3390/ijms25094827
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Open AccessReview
by Monika Martiniakova SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar Roman Biro SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar Noemi Penzes SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar Anna Sarocka SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar Veronika Kovacova SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar Dr. Veronika Kovacova received her Ph.D. from Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra in she[...] Read more Vladimira Mondockova SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar Dr. Vladimira Mondockova has worked as an associate professor at the Department of Botany and of and[...] Read more Radoslav Omelka SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar
Monika Martiniakova
, Roman BiroNoemi PenzesAnna Sarocka, Veronika Kovacova, Vladimira Mondockova and Radoslav Omelka
1
Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
2
Department of Botany and Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Informatics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(9), 4827; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094827 (registeringDOI)
Submission received: 5 April 2024/Revised: 25 April 2024/Accepted: 27 April 2024/Published: 28 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Advances in Bone Metabolism and Disorders)
Abstract
Obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and osteoporosis are serious diseases with an ever-increasing incidence that quite often coexist, especially in the elderly. Individuals with obesity and T2DM have impaired bone quality and an elevated risk of fragility fractures, despite higher and/or unchanged bone mineral density (BMD). The effect of obesity on fracture risk is site-specific, with reduced risk for several fractures (e.g., hip, pelvis, and wrist) and increased risk for others (e.g., humerus, ankle, upper leg, elbow, vertebrae, and rib). Patients with T2DM have a greater risk of hip, upper leg, foot, humerus, and total fractures. A chronic pro-inflammatory state, increased risk of falls, secondary complications, and pharmacotherapy can contribute to the pathophysiology of aforementioned fractures. Bisphosphonates and denosumab significantly reduced the risk of vertebral fractures in patients with both obesity and T2DM. Teriparatide significantly lowered non-vertebral fracture risk in T2DM subjects. It is important to recognize elevated fracture risk and osteoporosis in obese and T2DM patients, as they are currently considered low risk and tend to be underdiagnosed and undertreated. The implementation of better diagnostic tools, including trabecular bone score, lumbar spine BMD/body mass index (BMI) ratio, and microRNAs to predict bone fragility, could improve fracture prevention in this patient group.
Keywords: obesity; type 2 diabetes mellitus; osteoporosis; adipose tissue; bone tissue; BMD; fracture risk; treatment
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MDPI and ACS Style
Martiniakova, M.; Biro, R.; Penzes, N.; Sarocka, A.; Kovacova, V.; Mondockova, V.; Omelka, R.Links among Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Osteoporosis: Bone as a Target. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 4827.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094827
AMA Style
Martiniakova M, Biro R, Penzes N, Sarocka A, Kovacova V, Mondockova V, Omelka R.Links among Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Osteoporosis: Bone as a Target. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(9):4827.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094827
Chicago/Turabian Style
Martiniakova, Monika, Roman Biro, Noemi Penzes, Anna Sarocka, Veronika Kovacova, Vladimira Mondockova, and Radoslav Omelka.2024. "Links among Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Osteoporosis: Bone as a Target" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 9: 4827.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094827
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Martiniakova, M.; Biro, R.; Penzes, N.; Sarocka, A.; Kovacova, V.; Mondockova, V.; Omelka, R.Links among Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Osteoporosis: Bone as a Target. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 4827.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094827
AMA Style
Martiniakova M, Biro R, Penzes N, Sarocka A, Kovacova V, Mondockova V, Omelka R.Links among Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Osteoporosis: Bone as a Target. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(9):4827.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094827
Chicago/Turabian Style
Martiniakova, Monika, Roman Biro, Noemi Penzes, Anna Sarocka, Veronika Kovacova, Vladimira Mondockova, and Radoslav Omelka.2024. "Links among Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Osteoporosis: Bone as a Target" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 9: 4827.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094827
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
Int. J. Mol. Sci.,EISSN 1422-0067,Published by MDPI
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